We should note that the apostle Paul is doing two things in this section. He is both theologically defending his preaching to the Gentiles and again reminding the Jews that they are saved only by grace not by virtue of their nationality or works. Paul legitimizes his call to the Gentiles while seeking to win the Jew back to God.

Summary of Romans 9–11

1. Clarifying the Identity of the True Israel (9:1–13)
2. The Means Jews and Gentiles Become Part of True Israel (9:14–29)
3. The Jews’ Rejection of the Messiah & the Gentiles’ Acceptance (9:30–10:21)
4. God Has Not Forgotten Israel (11:1–32)

Discussion of Romans 10:16–11:10

Romans 10:16

If the gospel was preached to all the nations, should all believe? No (Isaiah 53:1).

Romans 10:17–18

Faith comes by hearing and hearing by the word of Christ. The gospel must still be proclaimed.

Romans 10:19–21

Israel did not fully grasp that the Gentiles would believe. Scripture foretold this.

Romans 11:1–4

God has not rejected Israel. A faithful remnant remains.

Romans 11:5–10

Salvation is by grace, not works. God preserves His chosen people.